Who is who?

The recent re-discovery of the Buckingham Book and the uncaptioned contents has raised many questions about who in the Head family is in the photographs. With over 130 years elapsed since many of the photos were taken and the last of the subjects having passed away by the 1980’s there maybe only a few people who will have met any of them to identify them specifically. A few named photographs exist as references – notably Sir Henry Head, Hester Pinney and Christopher Head. But who are the others?

As you browse the scrapbook and scrutinise the faces do you see similarities that will help identify individuals? Most of the photographs are undated so it is useful to see Bernard Head in many group photos as we know he was born in 1876.

Mystery photograph 1:

Henry Head (far right), eldest son, seems to appear only once in the Buckingham Book in a family group photograph which I assume is mother and brothers. Bernard at the back, but is that Christopher (with the camera) and Francis on the left? And if Hester Head is in mourning then that would date this image within a year of Hugh’s death in November 1890. That would make Bernard 15 years old in this photo.
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Homicide at the Buckingham House?

In 1853 the home of the local Squire Bridger was the scene of a night-time burglary. This was not unexpected after a series of break-ins in previous days. Servants had been put on watch in the darkened manor house and were armed with guns. They had not to wait long before a man entered the property through a window. When confronted and ordered to surrender he bolted for the exit. In the ensuing fracas he was shot in the back and clambered out of the window before dying in the garden outside. The reulting court case is outlined below.

Buckingham House census returns 1841 – 1911

1841 census of Great Buckingham House, Old Shoreham Street, Old Shoreham

First nameSurnameGenderAgeBornPlace of birth
HarryBridgerMale411800Sussex, England
Sarah LouisaBridgerFemale411800Sussex, England
HarryBridgerMale121829Sussex, England
MaryBridgerFemale111830Sussex, England
IsabellaBridgerFemale91832Sussex, England
EmmaBridgerFemale81833Sussex, England
WilliamBridgerMale61835Sussex, England
FrederickBridgerMale41837Sussex, England
HarriettBridgerFemale701771Sussex, England
CatherineBridgerFemale691772Sussex, England
MaryBestFemale211820Sussex, England
JohnSmartMale241817Sussex, England
RobertHarmanMale331808Sussex, England
WilliamBonnyMale401801Sussex, England
GeorgeSmartMale161825Sussex, England
DianaMarshFemale571784
JaneRatcliffFemale251816Sussex, England
HannahOsborneFemale171824Sussex, England
ElizabethMitchellFemale241817Sussex, England
AnnFiestFemale211820Sussex, England

1861 census of Great Buckingham House, Old Shoreham Street, Old Shoreham

Harry CBridgerHeadMarriedMale611800GentlemanOld Shoreham, Sussex, England
Sarah LBridgerWifeMarriedFemale611800Withdean, Sussex, England
FredrickBridgerSonUnmarriedMale231838GentlemanOld Shoreham, Sussex, England
Augustus GBridgerSonUnmarriedMale191842GentlemanOld Shoreham, Sussex, England
Ann FElmontServantWidowFemale601801NurseBirmingham, Warwickshire, England
James JParsonsServantUnmarriedMale221839BakerShoreham, Sussex, England
SusanHocombeServantUnmarriedFemale351826CookSevington, Somerset, England
HarriettaWallickServantUnmarriedFemale151846House maidSussex, England
ArthurBrownServantUnmarriedMale181843Foot manWarnham, Sussex, England
HesterRewellServantUnmarriedFemale221839Kitchen maidChellington, Sussex, England
JosephKearwellServantUnmarriedMale241837D gardnerWest Stoke, Sussex

1871 census of Great Buckingham House, Old Shoreham Street, Old Shoreham

Harry CBridgerHeadMale711800LandownerOld Shoreham, Sussex, England
Sarah LBridgerWifeFemale711800Patcham, Sussex, England
Adela CBridgerDaughterFemale271844Old Shoreham, Sussex, England
WilliamBridgerSonMale361835Captain Sussex Imperial YeomanryOld Shoreham, Sussex, England
Mary BBridgerDaughter-in-lawFemale341837Yenston, Dorset, England
James CBridgerGrandsonMale101861Hale, Surrey, England
Lilian LBridgerGranddaughterFemale51866West Grinsted, Sussex, England
Mabel BBridgerGranddaughterFemale31868West Grinsted, Sussex, England
Adela KBridgerGranddaughterFemale21869West Grinsted, Sussex, England
Agnes V HBridgerGranddaughterFemale01871West Grinsted, Sussex, England
MaryBridglandServantFemale531818Cook domestic servantHartfield, Sussex, England
Sarah JBlackhallServantFemale441827Ladymaid domestic servantMortlake, Surrey, England
ElizabethPonsfordServantFemale221849Kise housemaid domestic servantHitlishaly, Devon, England
AnnePayneServantFemale171854Housemaid domestic servantOld Shoreham, Sussex, England
MaryTuckerServantFemale201851Nurse maid domestic servantChichester, Sussex, England
SarahBishopServantFemale161855Nurse maid domestic servantPetcombe, Somerset, England
James JParsonsServantMale321839Butcher domestic servantNew Shoreham, Sussex, England
MariaParsonsFemale421829Butcher wifeBeeding, Sussex, England
WilliamWakemanServantMale181853GroomIghtham, Kent, England
JamesKentServantMale171854Under gardener domestic servantOld Shoreham, Sussex, England

1881 census of Great Buckingham House, Old Shoreham Street, Old Shoreham

HarryBridgerHeadMarriedMale521829Magistrate esquireSussex, England
Eliza AnnBridgerWifeMarriedFemale521829Magistrate esquire wifeLambeth, Surrey, England
Florence LouisaBridgerDaughterSingleFemale251856Sussex, England
Dulcibella MaryBridgerDaughterSingleFemale221859Sussex, England
MargueriteBridgerNieceSingleFemale91872Sussex, England
HenrySprattServantSingleMale191862GroomWickham, Sussex, England
Marian JemimaPhillipsServantSingleFemale261855Domestic servantEmsworth, Hampshire, England
Susan Andrews ElliotLambleServantSingleFemale271854Domestic servantBlackawton, Devon, England
GemmaBonifaceServantSingleFemale221859Domestic servantHailsham, Sussex, England
Mary AnnFullerServantSingleFemale221859Domestic servantBexley, Kent, England
CarolineLisherServantSingleFemale201861Domestic servantSompting, Sussex, England

1891 census of Great Buckingham House, Old Shoreham Street, Old Shoreham

First name(s)Last nameRelationshipMarital statusSexAgeBirth yearOccupationBirth place
HenryHeadHeadMarriedMale561835UnderwriterIpswich, Suffolk, England
HesterHeadWifeMarriedFemale561835Stamford Hill, Middlesex, England
FrancisHeadSonSingleMale231868UnderwriterStoke Newington, Middlesex, England
ChristopherHeadSonSingleMale211870Student of lawStoke Newington, Middlesex, England
John AlbanHeadSonSingleMale171874ScholarStamford Hill, Middlesex, England
HesterHead JrDaughterSingleFemale161875ScholarStamford Hill, Middlesex, England
BernardHeadSonSingleMale151876ScholarStamford Hill, Middlesex, England
VioletPonsonbyVisitorSingleFemale141877ScholarBelgravia, London, England
MaryFelceGovernessSingleFemale271864GovernessLaunceston, Cornwall, England
GeoffreyHeadSonSingleMale191872ClerkStamford Hill, Middlesex, England
Edward JohnPeattButlerSingleMale281863Domestic servantLondon, England
William EdwardBishopFootmanSingleMale201871Domestic servantShoreham, Sussex, England
JamesBrownGeneralSingleMale281863Domestic servantScotland
Jane AmeliaBennettServantSingleFemale401851Domestic nurseHackney, Middlesex, England
AlmaCaudwellServantSingleFemale361855Domestic cookIxworth, Suffolk, England
Eliza EGooderhamServantSingleFemale321859Domestic housemaidOld Buckenham, Norfolk, England
Margaret EDaniellsServantSingleFemale201871Domestic housemaidOld Buckenham, Norfolk, England
EmilyRoadnightServantSingleFemale211870Domestic kitchen maidHackney, Middlesex, England
AnnieGoldsmithServantSingleFemale171874Domestic kitchen maidShoreham, Sussex, England

1901 census of Buckingham House, Old Shoreham Street, Old Shoreham

FrancisHeadSonSingleMale331868Member of “lloyds” royal exchangeStoke Newington, Middlesex, England
AlfredNichollsServantSingleMale381863Coachman domesticChigwell, Essex, England
ArthurGullServantSingleMale281873Groom domesticArdleigh, Essex, England
EmilyWoodServantSingleFemale361865Cook domesticDunster, Somerset, England
Mary ASampsonServantSingleFemale211880Kitchenmaid domesticShoreham, Sussex, England
Charles TParrisServantSingleMale261875Footman domesticSussex, England
MabelPageServantSingleFemale151886Scullery maid domesticShoreham, Sussex, England
NellieSampsonServantSingleFemale171884Housemaid domesticShoreham, Sussex, England
Minnie EWestServantSingleFemale231878Housemaid domesticLondon, Middlesex, England
JaneBennettServantSingleFemale551846Nurse domesticLondon, Middlesex, England

1911 census of Buckingham House, Old Shoreham Street, Old Shoreham

William GodsonLittleHeadMarriedMale591852Director of companyLondon Regents Park
Ada WaideLittleWifeMarriedFemale551856London Primrose Hill
Annie ElizabethLoweGranddaughterFemale11910Sussex Hove
PaulEwensVisitorMarriedMale631848Director of companyLondon Clerkenwell
MargaretWigginsSingleFemale321879ServantMoreton in the Marsh Gloucestershire
Ada MaceyLodgeSingleFemale361875ServantSussex Brighton
HildaTurnerSingleFemale221889ServantFeltham Middlesex
AliceWellsteadSingleFemale221889ServantDorset Broasen
Elsie ElizabethFugawesSingleFemale201891ServantSurrey Fainham
ArthurCherrySingleMale151896ServantSussex Newhaven

Buckingham House Timeline

The Buckingham House Timeline

The first Buckingham House (c1655-1820)

1782 – View of the East front of Buckingham the seat of Colville Bridger Esq. in the parish of Old Shoreham by Samuel Hieronymous Grimm  © British Library Board

The first Buckingham House known as “Buckinghams” (or “Great Buckingham” to differentiate it from the Bridger’s farm at Little Buckingham) was built in the c1655 for the Bridger family. Note the main East-West road took a more direct route passing just South of the house and through Little Buckingham Farm. This would join the Avenue and The Street to emerge at St Nicolas Church and the Toll Bridge. Lidar imaging from the air reveals the exact route of the road across the park (shown yellow in the photograph below) and that also suggests the original approach to the front of the house was along the straight avenue of trees still evident in the park.

Route of original East-West road overlayed 1946 aerial view.

Second Buckingham House (c1820-1910)

B39 94.2402 Buckingham House, Shoreham-by-Sea. Watercolour painting by Miss E Bartlett. Showing the south and east elevations. Driveway leading up to the house and grounds. The house was owned by the Bridger family and then leased by Henry Head Esq. Signed EEB. From the Sussex Archaeological Society’s Marlipins Collection.

The second Buckingham House (c1810-1820) was built for the Bridger family in classical style to a design by J. B. Rebecca of Worthing. It substantially remodelled the original house with some small elements remaining. It faced east across a park of about 55 acres. At this time the East – West road was moved to curve southwards to avoid the parkland of the house. It appears it was extended substantially in 1873 with a rear annexe around the stabling and courtyard in part to create servants accommodation.

The east-west road had been moved south and that necessitated a new drive (marked in green below) and building of the Lodge.

Overlay in green shows the route of new drive to Lodge on new Shoreham Road.

Around 1890, the Bridgers moved to Adur Lodge in Old Shoreham and let the house to Henry Head.

The literary connection

Buckingham House was the inspiration for a novel Esther Waters written in 1894 by George Moore – a popular tale of below-stairs love and drama set in a country mansion “Woodview”.

“Yet is only about 10 years since we left Woodview, and the garden was left to waste. Nature does not take long – a few years, a very few years.” All the winter athe north wind was bitter on the hills; many trees fell in the park, and at the end of February seemed barer and desolate than ever; broken branches littered the roadway, and the tall trunks showed their wounds.

George Moore was a close friend of the Bridger Family and frequently stayed with them at Little Buckingham Farm in the 1860’s whilst the Bridgers still occupied Buckingham House. In 1867 Moore also lived, for a year or so, at the top of Truleigh Hill at Freshcombe Lodge – again at the invitation of Harry Bridger who was building a rabbit farm. On record is a letter from Moore to Dulciebella Bridger about fictionalising life at Buckingham House. It is curious to note that Moore published Esther Waters in 1894 yet his prescient description of an abandoned mansion was many years before what would actually befall Buckingham after the death of Henry Head in 1905.

Buckingham House view from East. c1905 The children probably Hester Harriott Pinney b.1901, and Bernard Pinney b.1903. Bob Hill Collection ©SAS
Map comparison c1945 showing The Retreat and c1880

The third Buckingham House (1911-1961)

After the death of Henry Head in 1905 (and in the same year as the death of his son and natural successor Francis Head) the house remained vacant and abandoned and in 1910 was in a ruined state with the floors and roof collapsed. It was bought by William Godson Little, who built a new house 200 yards to the north around 1910-1911. William lived there and died in 1922.

Buckingham House c1913 Bob Hill Collection ©SAS
An event in front of a ruined Buckingham House June 1924. Events were declared open by Lady Winterton from the steps between the Corinthian columns on the surviving east wall of the house. Bob Hill Collection ©SAS
June 1924 Dutch Fete at Buckingham to raise funds for repair of the cracking tower of St. Marys. Note the attendance of former House occupier Dulcie Bridger.

This new house and the old house and ruin were subsequently bought by Ernest Redford Harrison, who partitioned off the park and sold 38 acres of the 55 acres of Buckingham parkland to Shoreham Council in 1930. It was officially opened to the public in Feb. 1931. By 1935 he house was occupied as the Downs School and was run by the Misses Grace S Woodhead & Winnifred Cleare co-principals of the International School. Over time the house had been known by a number of names: Grangewood School (1932), Castlemere School (1933). (see Peter Kefford’s book for detail).

There was a period of requisition of The Retreat and new Buckingham House during WWII. By 1948 the new Buckingham House was sold to Brighton Borough Council to run as a Childrens Home. It became surplus to requirements and sold to a developer. It was demolished by 1962.

1946 aerial view with locations of the Lodge, Buckingham House ruin and the 3rd Buckingham House (Downs School)

Ruins and The Retreat

The 1820’s external walls and facade of the 1820 mansion remained intact as a ruin. The rear of the house, ostensibly the 1837 annexe that was built in a less lavish style remained intact as was occupied as a home, known as The Retreat. In the 1910’s W G Little had divided this into 3 parts known and these were occupied.

Site of the new 1912 house to the north of the Buckingham ruins and The Retreat with present day comparison.

By 1954 there were immediate plans to demolish The Retreat and the facade walls that had remained since 1910. Local historian Michael Norman made strenuous efforts to preserve the ruin and was able to get the facade Listed. At this time about a quarter of the interior of the house still remained, including an inglenook fireplace and a blocked window from the original Buckingham dating to about 1655. These features were evident until the interior of the ruin was rendered over in 1962.

In 1962 the 1837 rear part of the mansion (The Retreat) was demolished and a new 2 storey block of flats (Woodview named after the novel) built in it’s place overlooking the remaining 3 sides of the Buckingham House ruins facade.

The ruin facade SE corner CC 2022

References:

Peter Kefford: The Buckingham Houses Old Shoreham – A Pictorial History 2011
https://georgemooreinteractive.org
Bob Hill: Old Shoreham Village and Farms 1995 

The Buckingham Book

The Buckingham Book

In 2025 a Shoreham resident acquired at auction a significant historical find. It was a rather battered leather bound family scrapbook dating from 1889. It contained photographs, sketches, and cuttings collected by the Head family of Great Buckingham, Old Shoreham. The story behind the “Buckingham Book” book is tantalising. It had been kept in the Head family’s possession for 80 years but had been torn in two, and separated, with the front part donated to a museum. The second part had been given by the family to a local historian Michael Norman. He was keen for the 2 halves to be reunited but his untimely death in 2013 meant the book was forgotten and eventually sold at auction. 13 years later and we now have possession of that second half along with its accompanying covering letter from Michael Norman. The images in the book are in this gallery.

Buckingham House 1904. Built 1820 and abandoned by 1911. The little girls in this photograph maybe the same grand daughters of Henry Head seen in the image below. Hester Harriott Pinney on the right.

The background to the Head family

We can surmise that the book was split in 1983 after Hester’s death. Whilst it is reasonable to assume the Marlipins Museum holds the other half of the book they are currently unable to confirm this.

In the same year as the 1891 census this family group photograph is on the East steps to Buckingham. It appears to show Henry Head (age 56) next to his daughter Hester Head (16) (standing) and seated an unknown woman. Henry’s wife Hester Head Snr (56) is seated in black (probably in mourning for her son Hugh who died in Nov 1890). Henry’s sons are seated, believed to be John Alban Head (17)and Bernard Head (15) later killed in Gallipoli in 1915. The other ladies are not identified. The lady at the back, on the right, could be Governess Mary Felce.
0215 –  – Henry Head with his daughter Hester Pinney and grand-children. It is probably Hester Harriott Pinney b.1901 on his lap and Bernard Pinney b1903 in his mother’s arms. c.1904 a short while before Henry’s death. Location at the front door to Buckingham ©SAS

Hester’s father was Henry Head b.1834 m.1860 Died 1st July 1905
Hester’s mother was Hester Head (née Beck) b.1835 m.1860 d.1907
Hester became Hester Pinney (née Head Jnr.) by marriage in 1900 b.1875 d.1958
Hester’s daughter Hester Harriott Marsden-Smedley (née Pinney) b. Ponna India 21st June 1901. Married Basil Futvoye Marsden-Smedley 1927. Hester died in 1982 in Chelsea.
Hester’s daughter was Henrietta Hester Marsden-Smedley b.1935 d.1998

Sons and daughters of Henry and Hester Head:

  • Sir Henry Head1 b. 4 Aug 1861, edu: Charterhouse, Trinity Coll Camb. d. 8 Oct 1940
  • Charles Howard Head1 b. 28 Dec 1862, edu: Charterhouse d. 6 Dec 1877 died of pneumonia at Charterhouse school age 14 (Godalming)
  • Hugh Stanley Head1 b. 9 Jun 1864, edu: Charterhouse d. 4 Nov 1890 age 26 (old Shoreham)
  • Rachel Mary Head1 b. 26 Aug 1865, d. 19 Jan 1870 age 4
  • Katherine Head1 b. 17 Sep 1866, d. 2 Aug 1869 age 3
  • Francis Head1 b. 13 Feb 1868, edu: Lancing College d. 11 Feb 1905 of brain tumour age 36
  • Christopher Head1 b. 25 Dec 1869, edu: Lancing College, Trinity Coll. Camb d. 15 Apr 1912 on Titanic age 43
  • Geoffrey Head+1 b. 14 Apr 1872, edu: Lancing College d. 22 Nov 1955
  • John Alban Head1 b. 7 Dec 1873, edu: Lancing College d. 8 Jun 1931 age 57
  • Hester Head+1 b. 29 Jan 1875, d. 1958
  • Bernard Head1 b. 12 Jan 1876, d. 13 Aug 1915 Major, Corps: Royal Welsh Fusiliers killed in action at Gallipoli age 39

Henry Head died in July 1905 of heart disease, 5 months after the death of his 4th son Francis from a brain tumour at the age 36. This was the catalyst for the abandonment of Buckingham House that became a ruin by 1910.

The contents of the Buckingham Book ( the 2nd half)

The mystery of what happened to the first half of The Buckingham Book is perhaps explained by a number of photos in the SAS / Marlipins Collection of images. Whilst there seems to be just 11 images they are of a similar nature to those in the second half of the book. The suggestion is these 11 were cherry picked by SAS and the rest of the book is in their archive awaiting full scrutiny and publication.

Selection from the front half of the Buckingham Book

Covering letter:

This Family Scrapbook compiled by the Head Family to record their time at Buckingham (Buckingham House, Old Shoreham) from 1889 to 1905 was in the possession of Lady (Hester) Marsden-Smedley (née Pinney), the daughter of Lady Hester Pinney (née Head). Before she died, Lady Pinney stated that she wanted me to have it because of its relevance to Shoreham. In due course I made contact with her daughter in Chelsea and arranged to go up to collect it.

Perhaps not surprisingly, Lady Marsden-Smedley would have liked to have kept it, since it contained so much of Family interest. In the event, she simply tore the book in half and gave me the front part, and this I placed in Marlipins. It may since have been dismembered, which is a great pity.

The other half I was very surprised to be offered many years later through a friend. and bought it, at a price, and did not enquire as to its provenance. I still have it, in its somewhat battered slate.

It is (was) three-quarter leather bound, about 100 mm thick in all, the boards approx, 370 x 298mm, with interleaved pages designed as a commercial scrap-book.

It is clear that the Head boys were responsible for most of the snaps, but there are other more professional photos taken probably by William Page, Photographer, of Shoreham, whom Hester (Pinney) said she encouraged. There are also watercolours by Hester of a competent, but amateur quality, together with sundry printed items of interest, and photos of local views and personalities.

The whole gave a unique and fascinating view of the very happy life at Buckingham until Henry Head’s death in 1905, when the family quit Old Shoreham. The house lay empty and in 1911 was gutted, with the grounds occupied by a new house erected to the North.

During their stay at Buckingham, the Heads effectively filled the role of ‘Lords of the Manor’ in the Town, and were most popular. Henry Head was an outgoing and generous personality, and he was clearly led by his very positive daughter Hester (Pinney), abetted by her brothers. The Park was regularly opened to the townsfolk, and Henry seems to have been the leader in the 1897 Diamond Jubilee celebrations. When, apart from a Grand March through the Town to a Fair and general festivities in the Park, there seems to have been a very early filrnshow in the field by the old Swiss Gardens. Fifty years later, Hester Pinney was stilt fondly rernembered in the Town.

The Book records Hunting, Cricket, Yachting (Steam and Sail) Golf, Shooting, Riding, and alfresco entertainments.. The girls from the London Store, D. H. Evans, which the Heads owned, were also entertained in the Summer and are seen obviously enjoying themselves. The Book is a wonderful, unique, record of a lost age, which was soon to come to a tragic stop. One son was lost on the Titanic (sic Christopher Head), and one at Gallipoli (sic. Bernard Head); it is fitting that their memorials are in Old Shoreham Church, in the place that they so enjoyed.

Written by Michael Norman, date: post-1983

Adur Idyl

After a pint at the Red Lion take a walk westwards across the Toll Bridge, turn left across the stream, past the old guardhouse then turn right and look towards the Sussex Pad. Go back in time 130 years and this is the view you’ll see.(‘Lancing Brook Leading to the old Sussex Pad’ by Arthur Willett 1857 – 1918)

Bartlett Collection

John Bartlett is descended from the Winton and Maple families of Shoreham. His mother Daphne Maple married Robert Bartlett, both of Old Shoreham, in 1940. The Bartletts came from Lancing and settled in Old Shoreham where John’s grandfather was the collector at the Toll Bridge. John has kindly provided us with a selection of his family photographs dating from the early 1900’s.

1. Robert Bartlett senior, the father of George, was the Lancing Stationmaster and Postmaster seen here outside the post office with his postmen, in Lancing’s North Road.

2. This postcard shows the backwater at Lancing after the 1910 storm. The scene appears to be the coast road looking up South Street with the Three Horseshoes pub on the right.

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